Inorganic Chemistry

BIO 231

Anatomy and Physiology

 

Elements

            Substances which cannot be broken down or decomposed into simpler substances by                                             reactions

 

Humans

90% of the human body is composed of

Carbon,                                    and oxygen

 

Chemical Symbol

One or two letter designation that stands for the English or Latin name

H - hydrogen

O - oxygen

C - carbon

Cl - chlorine

K -                              

Na - sodium

 

Atom

Smallest unit of an                                           .

Most basic unit which reacts.

 

Atom

Subunits

Central                                    

Protons & Neutrons

Orbiting the nucleus are

Electrons

 

Atom

Charge

Protons ----- +1

Neutrons ----   0

Electrons ---  -1

 

Atom

# of protons is unique

Atomic                                      (Z)

Hydrogen and Carbon

 

Isotopes

Atoms with differing numbers of neutrons.

Same chemical                                                 .

Some isotopes are unstable, break apart and emit high energy radiation.

                                                 isotopes

 

Isotopes of Hydrogen

 

 

 

Chemical Properties

Depends upon the number of electrons in the outer most shell or orbit of the nucleus

 

Carbon

6 - Neutrons

6 - Protons

6 - Electrons

2 - inner most orbit

4 - outer most orbit

 

Octet Rule

Atoms react with one another to achieve 8 electrons in the outer most                         (shell)

Hydrogen is an exception - 0nly 2 electrons at most in its one shell

 

Molecule

            New chemical unit formed by the reaction (combination) of atoms

 

Ionic Bonds

Transfer of electrons from one atom to another to from a molecule

Atoms involved are called                               .

 

Sodium Chloride

 

 

 

 

 

 

Covalent Bonds

            Chemical bonds where atoms share electrons

 

Double Covalent Bond

 

 

 

 

Water

Covalently bonded together

                                     molecule

 

Hydrogen Bonds

Electrostatic attraction between a partially positively charged                           and another negatively charged atom such as oxygen in water

 

Hydrogen Bonding

 

 

 

 

 

Water and Ions

 

 

 

 

 

Acids

            Acids - Molecules which dissociate in water releasing hydrogen ions.

Bases

Molecules that take up hydrogen atoms or dissociate in water releasing

                                ions.

 

pH

The H+ concentration is usually expressed in pH units

pH scale runs from 0 to 14

Pure water - 10-7 M = pH 7

A solution with 10 times more H+ ions = pH 6

 

pH Scale

 

 

 

 

 

 

Buffers

Chemicals or combinations of chemicals that take up excess H+ or OH- to keep pH

                                               .